Life processes

 Life processes

Something which is living is said to be alive. In most simple terms alive means having life. Alive is called jivit aur Jinda in Hindi. We are alive and you are also alive. Those things which are alive are called leaving things. All the plants and animals including human beings are alive or living things. 

The most important criterion to decide whether something is alive or not is the movement. Movement is one of the most important science of life in an organism. All the living things move by themselves without any external help full stop in some cases the moment of living things are quite fast which can be easily observed by us but in other cases the moments are very slow and hands observe with difficulty. For example the movement in most of the animal surface and can be observed easily but the moment and plants isually slow and observe with difficulty.

All the living things have some common characteristic which make them different from non living things. The characteristics of living things are as follows:

1). Living things can move by themselves.

2). Living things need food, air and water.

3). Living things can grow.

4). Living things can respond to changes around them. Their sensitive.

5). Living things respire.

6). Living things excrete.

What are life processes.

All the organisms perform some basic function to keep themselves alive. The basic function performed by living organisms to maintain their life on this earth are called life processes. The basic life processes common to all the living organisms are : Nutrition and Respiration; Transport and Excretion; Control and Coordination; Growth; Movement and Reproduction. The process of Nutrition involves the taking a food inside the body and converting it into smaller molecules which can be observed by the body. Respiration is the process which releases energy from the food absorbed by the body. Transport is the process in which a substance absorb made in one part of the body is most to another parts of the body. In which the waste materials produced in the sales of the body are removed from the body.

Control and coordination is a process which helps the living organisms to survive in the changing environment around them. The process of growth involves the change from a small organism to a big organism. In movement the organism either move from one place to another or moves its body parts while remaining at the same place. The process of reproduction involves the making of more organism from the existing once so that organism could live on this earth for ever.

                          Nutrition

Food is an organic substance. The simplest food is glucose. It is also called simple sugar. More complex food is a starch. Starch is made from glucose. The general name of substances like glucose and a star is carbohydrates. Carbohydrates at the most common food for getting energy. Fats and proteins are also foods for. Vitamins and water which are essential for the normal growth and development of organism. The process of taking in food and utilising it is called nutrition. It is a process in which food is obtained in order to utilise it to provide energy performing various metabolic activities of the organism. The term nutrition come from the word nutrient is an organic or inorganic substances required for the maintenance of life and survival of a living organism full stop in most simple terms and nutrient can be said to be a particular type of food can be defined as a substance which can organ which and organism obtain from its surrounding and uses it as source of energy or for the biosynthes of its body constituents like tissues is an organs.

                Modes of Nutrition

Modes of Nutrition means method of procuring food or obtain food by an organism. All the organisms do not obtain their food in the same way different organisms have different methods of producing food adoptering food. In other words organisms before in their modes of Nutrition. Depending on the mode of tenning food all the organisms can be classified into two groups.

1). Autotrophic

2). Heterotrophic

                Autotrophic

The word Orton in self and trophs means nutrition. 10 autotrophic men self nutrition. In autotrophic nutrition the organisms make or synthes its own food from the inorganic raw material like carbon dioxide and water present in the surroundings by using the sunlight energy materials like carbon dioxide and water present in the surroundings with the help of sunlight energy.

The green plants have an autotrophic modes of Nutrition. The autotrophic bacteria also obtained their food by the autotrophic mode of nutrition.

Those organisms which can make their own food from carbon dioxide and water are called autotrophs carbon dioxide and water are inorganic substances so we can also say that those organisms which can make their own food from the inorganic substances present in the environment are called autotrophs. All the green plants are autotrophs because they can make their own food from inorganic substances.

the autotrophic organisms contain the green pigment call chlorophyll which is capable of trapping sunlight energy. This trapped sunlight energy is utilised by the autotrophs to make food by combining in organic materials like carbon dioxide and water present in the environment by the process of photosynthesis.

           Heterotrophic mode of nutrition

Heterotrophic nutrition is that mode of nutrition in which an organism cannot make its own food from simple inorganic materials like carbon dioxide and water and depends on other organism for its food. Heterotrophic organism is a consumer which derives its nutrition from other organisms. That is a heterotrophic organism has to eat other organisms for its nutrition. All the animals have a heterotrophic mode of nutrition. Most bacteria and fungi also have heterotrophic mode of nutrition.

P those organisms which cannot make their own food from inorganic substances like carbon dioxide and water and depends on other organisms for their food are called heterotrophs.

A Heterotrophic organism can further the classified into three category. They are

a). Holozoic Nutrition

b). Parasitic Nutrition

c). Saprotrophic Nutrition

         Holozoic Nutrition

 

Holozoic  nutrition means feeding on solid food. Most of the animals including human beings take the solid food into their food by the process of injection. The ingested food is the digested into simpler substances which are then observe into the cell of the body. And the undigested and unabsorb food waste materialsted of the body. We can now say that the holosophytion is that nutrition in which an organism take the complex organic food material into its body by the process of injection the injusted food is digested and then observe into the body cell of the organism. The undigested and  unabsorb part of the food  thrown out of the body of the organism by the process of egestion.

Parasitic Nutrition

The parasitic nutrition is that nutrition in which an organism derives its food from the body of another living organism called its host without killing it. The organism which obtains the food is called a parasite and organisem  from whose body food is obtained is called the host.

Saprotrophic nutrition

Saprotrophic nutrition is that nutrition in which an organism obtain its food from the Deccan organic matter of dead plants did animals and rotten bread etc rotten source appropic organism its food from rotting wood of dead and kingfis rotten leaves that animals and household was like rotten bread. Organisms having separate trophic mode of nutrition are called saprophytes. We can now say that saprophytes are the organisms which obtain their food from dead plants that and King animal bodies and other dead and decaying organic matter.

Nutrition in plants

Just like other organisms plans also required food which can supply energy for their various metabolic activities. The animals can move from one place to another insurge of foods just stand is still at one place and make their own food green plants are autotrophic and synthessize their own food by the process of photosynthesis.

The process by which green plants make their own food from carbon dioxide and water by using sunlight energy in the presence of chlorophyll is called photosynthesis.

Oxygen gas is released during photosynthes. The process of photosynthesis can be represented as:

 

 6CO2+ 6H2O+ light energy-------------------------C6H12O6+ 6O2

 The process of photosynthesis takes place in the green leaves of a plant.

 The food prepared by the green leaves of a plant is in the form of a simple sugarcane glucose. This glucose food made in the lives is then sent to the different parts of the plant. The extra glucose is changed into another food called starch. In the leaves of the plant. Glucose and starch belong to a category of foods called carbohydrates. The food like carbohydrates prepared by photosynthesis contain chemical energy stored in them. Green plants convert sunlight energy into chemical energy by making carbohydrates.

Site of photosynthesis: Chloroplast

Chloroplast are the organelles in the cells of green plants which contain chlorophyll and where photosynthesis takes place. This synthesis occur in the organelle called chloroplast present in the photosynthetic cell of green plants. In other words the site of photosynthesis in a cell of the leaf are chloroplast. Chloroplast can be seen easily by using a light microscope in a closed section of a leaf chloroplast can be seen as numerous disk like organelles in the photosynthetic cell of the palisade this is just below the upper epidermis.

Nutrition in animals

Since animals cannot make their own food the depend on readymade food. This readymade food comes either from plants of from other animals. Does animals obtain their food from plants or other animals. We are also animals. We obtain the foods like wheat rice pulses fruits and vegetables from plants. And the food like milk cheese and eggs are obtained from animals some people also it meet chicken and fish as food.

All the animals can be divided into three groups on the basis of their food habits. These are:

1). Herbivores

2). Carnivores

3). Omnivores

   Herbivores

Some animals eat only plants. Those animals which eat only plants are called herbivores. The hardware was may eat grasses leaves grains fruits or the back of the trees. Some of the examples of herbivores are: goat,cow ,buffalo, sheep, horse ,dear, camel ,Ass, ox ,elephant ,monkey, squirrel ,etc.

Cow is called a herbivore because it its only plants as food. Does herbivores are plant eaters. Herbivores are also called herbivorous animals.

Carnivores

Some animals eat only other animals. They do not eat plant food at all. Those animals which eat only other animals as foods are called carnivores. Only the meet or flash of the other animals. So we can also say that those animals which eat only the meet or flesh of other animals are called carnivores.

Some of the examples of carnivores are: lion, tiger, frog vulture ,Kingfisher ,lizard, wolf ,and hawk.

Omnivores

Some animals eat both plants as well as other animals as food. Those animals which eat both plants and animals are called omnivores full stop in other words the omnivores eat plant food as well as meet or flesh of other animals.

Some of the examples of omnivores are: man(Human beings), dogs, crow, sparrow, bear, and ant.

Different steps in the process of nutrition in animals

There are 5 men processes concerned with the use of food by animals. In other words there are 5 steps in the process of nutrition in animals. These are

1). Injestion

In order to provide the energy necessary for growth and carry on life activities we must eat food or take food into the body. The process of taking food into the body is called injestion. In most simple word injection means eating a food by the animal full stop when we put food into our mouth with hands we are injesting the food.

2). Digestion

The food of most animals consists of large insoluble molecules which cannot be absorbed by the animals body in this form. So before the food can be used by the animal for various functions like getting energy or for growth, it must be broken down into a small water soluble molecules which can be absorbed by the body.

The process in which the food containing large insoluble molecules is broken down into small water soluble molecules is called digestion.

3). Absorption

After digestion the food molecules become a small and soluble. The soluble food molecules can pass through the walls of our intestine and go into blood. The process in which the digested food passes through the intestinal wall into blood stream is called absorption.

4). Assimilation

Blood carries the absorbed food to all the parts of the body. The food than enters each and every cell of the body where it is used for producing energy and for making materials for the growth and repair of the body. The process in which the absorbed food is taken in by body cells and used for energy growth and repair is called assimilation.

5). Egestion

The whole food which we eat is not digested by our body. A part of the food which we eat remains undigested which cannot be used by the body. This undigested part of the food is than removed from the body in the form of faeces when we go out to toilet. The process in which the undigested food is removed from the body is called egestion.

Nutrition in human beings

The various organs of the human digestive system in sequence are: mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The glands which are associated with the human digestive system and form of part of the human digestive system are: slavery glands liver and pancreas. The human alimentary canal which runs from mouth to anus is about 9 m long tube. The duct of various glands open into the alimentary canal and for the secretions of the digestive juice into the alimentary canal.

1) ingestion

The human beings have a special organ for the ingestion of food. It is called mouth. So in human beings food is injusted through the mouth full stop the food is put into the mouth with the help of hands.

2). Digestion

In human beings the digestion of food begins in the mouth itself full stop in fact the digestion of food starts as soon as we put food in our mouth .This happens as follow:

The mouth cavity contains teeth tongue and slavery glands. The teeth cut the food into a small pieces chew and grind it. So the teeth help in physical digestion. The library glands in our mouth produce saliva. Our tongue helps in mixing The Saliva with food saliva is a watery liquid so it was the food in our mouth. The waited food can be solved mode easily. Many times we have observed that when we see it a food which we really like our mouth waters of this watering of mouth is due to the production of saliva by the salivary glands in the mouth. The salivary glands help in chemical digestion by secreting and James. The human survive contents and enzyme call salivary my lace which digest the stars present in food into sugar.

The slightly digested food in the mouth is swallowed by the tongue and goes down the food pipe called esophagus . The food pipe carries food to the stomach. This happens as follow s: the walls of food pipe have muscles which can contract and expand alternately. When the slightly digested food enters the food pipe the walls of food pipe start contracting and expansion Mumbai. The contraction and expansion movement of the walls of food pipe is called peristaltic movement.

The stomach is a j shaped organ present on the left side of the abdomen full stop the food is further digested in the stomach. The food is choined in the stomach for about 3 hours full stop during this time the food breaks down into still smaller pieces and forms of semi solid waste. The gastric juice contains three substances hydrochloric acid the enzyme pepsin and mucus. Due to the presence of hydrochloric acid the gastric juice is acidic in nature. In the acidic medium the enzyme pepsin begins the digestion of proteins present in the food form smaller molecules full stop the protein digestion begins in the stomach.

From the stomach the partially digested food enters the small intestine. The small intestine is the largest part of the alimentary canal. It is about 6.5 m long in an adult man. All the small intestine is very long it is called small intestine because it is very narrow. The small intestine in arranged in the form of a coil in our belly.

The small intestine in human beings is the site of complete digestion of food like carbohydrate proteins and fats. The small intestine receives the secretion of two glands liver and pancreas. Liver secrets bile. Bile is a greenish yellow liquid made in the liver which is normally stored in the gall bladder. 

bile is alkaline and content salts which help to emulsify or break the fats present in the food. Does bile performs to function first makes the acidic food coming from the stomach alkaline so that pancreatic enzymes can act on it and second while solved break the fat present in the food into small globals making it easy for the enzymes to act and digest them is a large gland which lives parallel to and beneath the stomach and curious secrets and creatic juice which contains digestive enzymes like and creatic mileage tripsin and life is. The enzymeless break down the stars the enzyme trips in digested the protein and the enzyme life is breakdown the emulsified fats.

The intestinal juice contains a number of enzymes which complete the digestion of complex carbohydrates into glucose proteins into amino acids and fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Glucose amino acids fatty acids and glycerol are small water soluble molecules. In this way the process of digestion Converse the large and insoluble food molecules into a small water soluble molecules. The chemical digestion of food is brought about by biological catalyst called enzymes.

3). Absorption

After digestion the molecules of food becomes so small that they can pass through the walls of the small intestine and go into our blood. This is called absorption. The small intestine is the main region for the absorption of digest food full stop in fact the small intestine is especially adapted for absorbing the digested food. The inner surface of a small intestine has millions of tiny finger like projection called Villi. The presence of villi gives the inner walls of the small intestine a very large surface area for the absorption of food. After absorption the absorbed food goes into our blood.

4). Assimilation

The blood carries digested and dissolved photo all the parts of the body where it becomes assimilated as part of the cells. This assimilated footage used by the body cells for obtaining energy as well as 4 growth and repair of the body. The energy is released by the oxidation of assimilated food in the cells during respiration full stop the digested food which is not used by our body immediately is stored in the liver in the form of a carbohydrate called glycogen full stop this is stored glycogen can be used as a source of energy by the body as and when required.

5). Egestion

A part of the food which we eat cannot be digested by our body. This undigested food cannot be absorbed in the small intestine. So the undigested food passes from the small intestine into a wider tube called large intestine full stop the walls of large intestine absorb most of the water from the undigested food. Due to this undigested part of food becomes almost solid. The last part of the large intestine called rectum stores this undigested food for sometime. And when we go to the toilet then this undigested food is fast out through anus as feces or stool.