Metals and Nonmetals Class 10 Notes

There are currently 150 known chemical elements with similarities and differences in their properties. All elements can be divided into two main groups based on their properties: metallic and non-metallic. In our daily life, we use both metals and non-metals. We also use a number of metallic and non-metallic compounds.

Metals

metals are elements that conduct heat and electricity and are malleable and malleable. The metal was also shiny and had a strong focus and tone. Examples of metals include iron, aluminum, copper, silver, gold, platinum, zinc, lead and mercury. If you hit a chunk of iron with a hammer four or five times, you'll find that the metal strip of aluminum turns into a thin sheet of aluminum without breaking. And aluminum metal is said to exhibit malleability or paintability. Yield is the ability of a metal to be hammered into a thin sheet. Formability is an important property of metals. Most metals are malleable. Gold and silver metals are he one of the most malleable metals.

2. Metals are ductile

Metals such as copper, aluminum, magnesium and iron exist in the form of wires

The ability of a metal to be stretched into a thin wire is called ductility. Ductility is another important property of metals. Most metals are ductile. However, not all metals are equally ductile, and some are more ductile than others.Gold is the most ductile metal. For example, just 1 gram of gold can be pulled into a thin wire about 2 km long.

3. Metals are good conductors of heat

Metals readily conduct heat, a property called thermal conductivity. Cookware, kettles, etc. are usually made of metals such as copper or aluminum as they are very good conductors of heat. Lead has the worst thermal conductivity among metals. Mercury metal also has a low thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity is a property of metals.

4. Metals are good conductors of electricity

When we say that a metal is a good conductor of electricity, we mean that it conducts electricity easily. Silver metal is the best conductor of electricity Points Copper metal is followed by gold, aluminum and tungsten. Wires are made of copper and aluminum metals because they are very good conductors of electricity. Metals such as iron and mercury have relatively high resistance to the flow of electricity and therefore have low electrical conductivity. As such, electrical conductivity is another property of metals.

5. Metal is shiny

In general, metal surfaces are shiny. In other words, it's shiny. Metals are shiny only when they are fresh. If the metal is exposed to air for a long time, the metal will take on a dull appearance. It loses most of its luster and brightness. Metals lose their luster when left in the air for too long, and a thin layer of carbonates and sulfides forms on the surface, giving them a dull appearance.

6. Metals are generally hard

Most metals are hard, but not all metals are equally hard. Hardness depends on the metal. Most metals such as iron, copper and aluminum are very hard. There are some exceptions. Sodium and potassium are soft metals that can be easily cut with a knife.

7. Metals are generally strong

Stick to the statement that metals are strong and can hold a lot of weight without cracking or breaking. For example, ferrous metals are very strong because they are used in the construction of bridges, buildings and railways.

8. Metals are solids at room temperature

Most metals such as iron, copper, aluminum, silver and gold are solids at room temperature

Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature.

9. Metals have high melting and boiling points.

Ferrous metal has a high melting point of 1535 degrees Celsius. This means that when solid iron is heated to a high temperature of 1535°C, it pulverizes into liquid iron. The copper metal also has a high melting point of 1000°C and 83°C, and there are exceptions. For example, sodium and potassium metals have low melting points. Gallium and cesium metals also have low melting points. Point Gallium and cesium metals have very low melting points, so the heat of your hand will melt them.

10. Metals are dense

Metals are dense means that they are heavy substances. Ferrous metals are heavy substances, but there are some exceptions. For example, sodium and potassium metals have a low density of 0.97 grams per cubic centimeter. They are very light metals.

11. Metal is Sonarus

Sonara means that metal can produce deep or ringing sounds. If you hang a large piece of metal and hit it with an object, you will hear a ringing sound.

The ability of a metal to become somala is called sonerity. The use of metal in the bells and strings of instruments such as sitars and violins is due to the nature of sonerity.

Nonmetals

nonmetals are elements that do not conduct heat or electricity and are neither malleable nor ductile. you are fragile Non-metals are dull and have a matte appearance. In chemical reactions, nonmetals can form negative ions by gaining electrons. Based on this observation, another definition of non-metal can be written as follows: Non-metals are elements that form negative ions by gaining electrons. Non-metals are called electronegative elements because they can form negative ions by accepting electrons. Non-metals are few in number compared to metals, but they play a very important role in our daily life. There are 21 non-metals in all.

Physical properties of non-metals

1. Non-metals are brittle

Non-metals cannot be formed into thin plates by hammering them. Again, non-metals are not ductile and cannot be stretched into thin wires. Solid non-metals cannot be hammered into thin sheets or fine wires. Non-metals are brittle, and will break if hit or pulled, for example. Sulfur and phosphorus are non-ductile and non-ductile solid nonmetals. Sulfur and phosphorus break into pieces when struck or stretched with a hammer Point Carbon is also a solid non-metal and brittle Point The property of brittleness is called brittleness

2. Nonmetals do not conduct heat and electricity

Nonmetals, unlike metals, do not conduct heat and electricity because they do not have free electrons. For example, sulfur and phosphorus are non-metals that do not conduct heat and electricity. There is one exception. Carbon in the form of graphite is the only non-metal that conducts electricity well. Used to make electrodes.

3 Non-metallic matte

Non-metallic matte. In other words, non-metals don't have artboards. Solid non-metals have a matte appearance, such as period. Sulfur and phosphorus are matte non-metals and do not have characteristic surfaces. you seem dull There is one exception. Iodine is a non-metal with a lustrous appearance, and diamond-shaped carbon also has a lustrous appearance.

4 Nonmetals are generally soft

Most solid nonmetals are fairly soft For example, sulfur and phosphorus are fairly soft solid nonmetals. Only non-metallic carbon in the form of diamonds is very hard. It is the hardest substance on earth. In fact, an allotrope of carbon, diamond is the hardest known natural substance.

5.Non-metals are not strong

For example, graphite is a non-strong non-metal. It has the weakest point, so placing a large weight on a graphite plate will break it.

6. Nonmetals are either solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature.

Non-metals can exist in all three states of aggregation: solid, liquid and gas. For example, carbon, sulfur and phosphorus are solid nonmetals. Bromine is a liquid non-metal. Here, hydrogen is oxygen, nitrogen and chlorine are gaseous non-metals.

7. Non-metals have relatively low melting and boiling points

For example, the melting point of sulfur is 115 degrees Celsius. This is pretty low. However, there are exceptions, carbon in diamond form has a melting point of over 3500 degrees Celsius.

8 Nonmetals have a low density

For example, sulfur has a density of 2 grams per cubic centimeter. much lower than metal.

9. Non-metals are non-sonar

Unlike metals, non-metals do not make a ringing sound when they hit an object.

Chemical properties of metals

Metals and non-metals have different chemical properties

We will first discuss the chemistry of metals and then non-metals. The most important chemical properties of metals are:

1. Reaction of metals with oxygen

 When

metals burn in air, they react with atmospheric oxygen to form metal oxides:

metals + Oxygen ------- - -- Metal Oxides

This is how metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides. Metal oxides are basic in nature. Some of the metal oxides react with water to form alkalis. Metal oxides are basic, so they turn a red litmus solution blue. The strength of the reaction with oxygen depends on the chemical reactivity of the metal. Some metals react with oxygen even at room temperature, some react when heated, and some do not react unless strongly heated.

• Sodium metal reacts with atmospheric oxygen at room temperature to form a basic oxide called sodium oxide:

4Na(s) + O2 ------------- -- 2Na2O(s)

• Potassium metal at room temperature forms a basic oxide called potassium oxide:

4K(s) + O2 -------------- 2K2O

potassium and sodium The metal is very reactive and if left open to oxygen, air will completely stop the fire, trap and burn. In fact, potassium and sodium metals are stored under kerosene to prevent them from reacting with oxygen, moisture, and carbon dioxide in the air.Since potassium and sodium metals react with oxygen even at room temperature, potassium and sodium It is a highly reactive metal.

Another highly reactive metal is lithium. Like sodium and potassium metals, lithium metal is stored under kerosene to prevent it from reacting with oxygen. Most metal oxides are insoluble in water. However, some metal oxides dissolve in water to form alkalis.

Sodium oxide is a basic oxide that reacts with water to form an alkali called sodium hydroxide.

Na2O(s) + H2O(l) ------------ 2NaOH(aq)

The solution of the sodium hydroxide inverter turns red litmus blue due to the formation of sodium hydroxide alkali.

Potassium oxide is also a basic oxide that reacts with water to form an alkali called potassium hydroxide:

K2O(s) + H2O(l) -------------- ---- 2KOH( aq )

A solution of potassium oxide in water turns red litmus blue due to the formation of potassium hydroxide alkali.

• Magnesium metal does not react with oxygen at room temperature. A button that heats up magnesium metal burns in air, gives a hard punch, and happily forms a basic oxide called magnesium oxide, which is a white powder.

2Mg(s) + O2 ----- ----------------- 2MgO(s)

Magnesium as less reactive sodium or potassium, since heat is required for magnesium to react with elemental oxygen. Magnesium oxide partially dissolves in water to form a magnesium hydroxide solution.

MgO(s) +H2O (l)------------------ Mg(OH)2(aq)

This magnesium hydroxide colors red litmus solution blue. , is a base and magnesium oxide is basic in nature.

• Aluminum metal burns in air when heated to aluminum oxide:

4Al(s) + 3O2(g) -------------------- 2Al2O3(s )

Aluminum is less reactive than magnesium because the reaction between aluminum and oxygen is less likely than magnesium. Most metal oxides are basic in nature, but some metal oxides are both basic and acidic in nature. Metal oxides that are both basic and acidic are called amphoteric oxides.

2. Reactions of metals with water

metals react with water to produce metal hydroxides and hydrogen gas. However, not all metals react perfectly with water. The strength of the reaction between metals and water depends on their chemical reactivity. Some metals react with cold water, others with hot water, and others only with steam.

• When metals react with water, the products are metal hydroxides and hydrogen gas:

metals + water ------- metal hydroxides + hydrogen

• Potassium reacts violently with cold water. , forms hydrogen gas with potassium hydroxide:

2K(s) + 2H2O (l) ----------------- 2KOH(aq) + H2 (g) + heat

The reaction of potassium metal with water was highly exothermic and the hydrogen gas formed during the reaction ignited immediately.

Potassium is a highly reactive metal.

• Sodium reacts violently with cold water, producing sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas:

2Na(s) + H2O (l) ----------------- 2NaOH(aq ) + H2( g ) +Heat

The reaction of sodium metal with water is also highly exothermic and the hydrogen gas produced during the reaction ignites and burns, causing a small explosion. Sodium is also a very reactive metal.

• Calcium reacts with cold water to form calcium hydroxide and hydrogen gas:

Ca(s) + 2H2o(l) -------------------- CA( OH)2 ( aq) + H2(g)

The reaction generates little heat, not enough to burn the hydrogen gas formed. The calcium metal flakes begin to float on the water as bubbles of hydrogen gas stick to its surface during the reaction.

• Magnesium metal does not react with cold water. Magnesium reacts with hot water to form magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen:

Mg(s) + 2H2O(l) ---- Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2

In this reaction magnesium metal flakes float. start. This is because hydrogen gas bubbles adhere to the surface of the water. Calcium reacts with cold water, but magnesium reacts only with hot water.

• Aluminum reacts with steam to form aluminum oxide and hydrogen gas:

2Al(s) + 3H2O(g)-------------- Al2O3 (s) + 3H2 (g)

• Reacts with zinc vapor to form zinc oxide and hydrogen:

Zn(s) + H2O(g)---------------- ZnO(s) + H2 (g)

• Red-hot iron reacts with water vapor to form iron oxide and hydrogen:

3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g)----------------Fe3O4( s) + H2(g)

Based on the strength of their reaction with the base water vapor, the magnesium arrangement, aluminum, zinc and ferrous metals can be classified in order of increasing reactivity as Mg > Al > Zn > Fe. . Metals such as lead, copper, silver, and gold do not react with water or steam.

3. Reactions of dilute acids and metals

metals usually show hydrogen from dilute acids. When metal reaction with dilute acid forms metal salt and hydrogen gas, only less reactive metals such as copper, silver and gold do not displace hydrogen from dilute acid:

Metal+ Dil.acid ----- --------- metal salt + hydrogen

However, not all metals react with dilute acids. The rate of reaction of metals with dilute acids depends on their chemical reactivity.

Aqua Regia

Aqua regia is a freshly prepared mixture of 1 part concentrated nitric acid and 3 parts concentrated hydrochloric acid. The ratio of concentrated nitric acid to concentrated hydrochloric acid in aqua regia is 1:3. Aqua regia is a highly corrosive, fuming liquid. Aqua regia can dissolve all metals. For example, aqua regia can even dissolve gold and platinum metals.

Metal Reactivity Series

Some metals are chemically very reactive, while others, such as potassium and sodium, are less reactive or non-reactive, react very quickly with cold water, making them very reactive. It is a highly reactive metal. Zinc and iron are less reactive metals because they only react with water vapor. On the other hand, copper and silver are fairly inert metals because they do not react to water vapor. Based on the reactivity of various metals with oxygen, water, and acids, and substitution reactions, metals are arranged into groups or series according to their chemical reactivity, representing the arrangement of metals in vertical columns. It is called the reactivity series of metals, designated in decreasing order of reactivity. Point The top of the reactivity series is the metal with the highest reactivity. A list of reactive metals is at the bottom. point. The reaction sequence for common metals is shown below.

Why some metals are highly reactive and others are less reactive

It turns out that some metals are highly reactive and others are less reactive. So let's find out the reason for this difference in chemical reactivity of metals.When metals react, they donate electrons to form cations. Here, if a metal atom can readily donate electrons to form cations, it is a reactive metal because it reacts quickly with other substances. On the other hand, if the metal atom loses electrons slowly to form cations, it will react slowly with other substances. Such metals are less reactive, for example sodium atoms quickly lose electrons to form sodium ions. This makes sodium metal very reactive.

4.Reaction of metals with salt solutions

When a more reactive metal is added to a salt solution of a less reactive metal, the more reactive metal will displace the less reactive metal from its salt solution. .

Salt sol. Of metal B + metal A ---------- salt sol. Of metal A + Metal B

• Reaction of zinc with copper sulfate solution. When a strip of zinc metal is added to a copper sulfate solution. Then the blue color of copper sulphate solution gradually due to the formation of colorless zinc sulfate solution, copper metal with a reddish brown color is deposited on the zinc strip.

CuSO4(aq) + Zn(s) -------------- ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

Reaction sequence

Memorization tricks

K --- Potassium. Code

In ----- Sodium. Naal

Ca ------- Calcium. Mango

mg ---- Magnesium. Automobile

Al ---------- Aluminum. High

Zn ---------- Zinc. Zisko

Fe ----------- Iron. Fir

Pb -------- Lead. Lekar

H ----------- Hydrogen Hum

Cu ------- copper Chale

Hg ---------- Mercury. Mathura

Ag ---------- Silver Sath

Au -------- Gold. Ghumne

Ionic Bonding

A metal reacts with non-metals, forming ionic compounds. On the other hand, when nonmetals react with other nonmetals, they form covalent compounds. The force that binds atoms or ions in a molecule is called a chemical bond or simply a bond.

This is a type of chemical bond between metals and non-metals formed by the release or loss of electrons.

The atoms combine to form an electron arrangement in the inert gas and become more stable. Atoms of chemical bonds to achieve stability by obtaining the electronic configuration of the inert gas. therefore, when atoms combine Toofan chemical bonds, they do so in such a way that each atom gains 8 electrons in its outermost cell or two electrons in its outermost K shell.

An atom can achieve an inert gas electron arrangement or a noble gas electron arrangement in 3 ways:

• by losing one or more electrons to another atom

• by gaining one or more electrons from an atom. other

• by sharing one or more electrons with another atom

Ions

And an ion is an atom or group of atoms that carry a charge. Examples of ions: sodium ions, magnesium ions, etc.

An atom is found by losing or gaining electrons from the atom, so it contains an unequal number of electrons and protons. There are two types of ions: cations and anions

1. Ions that carry a positive charge are called cations

Sodium ion and magnesium ion are cations because they are positively charged ions. Formed by an atom losing one or more electrons.

Na - e ------- Na +

Found by removing electrons from an atom because a cation contains fewer electrons than a normal atom.

2. An ion with a negative charge is called an anion. and anions are formed by the gain of one or more electrons from an atom. For example, a chlorine atom that gives an electron to form a chloride ion is an anion.

Cl + e ---------- Cl-

Electron dot representation

Only the outermost electrons of an atom participate in a chemical bond. These are called valence electrons. The valence electrons in an atom are represented by placing dots on the element's symbol one dot for each velocity electron.